Thirty six Etawah-grade does (BW 20.4-44.2 kg, age 2.5-7 years) were used to study the efficacy of increasing secretion of endogenous hormones of pregnancy by superovulation of does to stimulate of growth prenatal in uterus. The does were injected with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG), 0 IU/kg BW [grouped into nonsuperovulation-NSO] and 15 IU/kg BW [grouped into Superovulation-SO]. Intravaginal sponge (60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate) was applied for 14 days to synchronize estrus cycle. Twenty four hours prior to sponge removal, PMSG was injected to stimulate superovulation. After sponge removal, five experimental does were mixed with one buck for natural mating. Superovulation prior to mating increased number of corpora lutea, mean of maternal serum estradiol concentration, progesterone concentration, litter size, average birth weight and average milk yield, by 112, 67, 42, 27, 32, and 35%, respectively. Those were correlated with the increase of uterine, corpora lutea, and individual birth weight. Key words: Etawah-grade, hormone, kids, superovulation

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar kromium optimum yang dapat meningkatkan resistensi terhadap stres dan mengkaji peran kromium dalam meningkatkan respons imunitas ikan gurami (Osphronemus gouramy, Lac.). Empat macam ransum isoprotein dan isokalori dengan kandungan kromium Cr+3-ragi sebesar 0.0 ppm (pakan A), 1.5 ppm (pakan B), 3.0 ppm (pakan C) dan 4.5 ppm (pakan D) diberikan pada ikan contoh dengan bobot 25±2.18 g selama 40 hari. Pada akhir pemeliharaan, ikan diberi perlakuan stres suhu dingin ? -9ºC selama 5 menit untuk mengetahui resistensinya terhadap stres. Contoh darah diambil pada jam ke 0, 0.6, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, dan 18 pasca stres. Kadar glukosa darah meningkat dan mencapai nilai puncak 100.00, 58.31, 58.86 and 88.43 mg/dl masing-masing untuk perlakuan A, B, C dan D. Kadar kortisol plasma darah pada perlakuan A, B, C dan D masing- masing adalah 53.22, 20.65, 31.67, 40.57 μg/dl. Ikan sisa sebanyak 20 ekor, diinfeksi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophyla 0.1 ml dengan kepadatan 106 cfu/ml, dipelihara selama 14 hari  untuk mengetahui respons imunitasnya. Perubahan total  leukocyte dan total immunoglobuline pada perlakuan B masing- masing mencapai 272% dan 10.11 μg/dl, sedangkan nilai  hematocrite pada sebelum dan sesudah infeksi adalah 51.87 dan 44.77% dengan jumlah erytrosite mencapai 399 500 dan 239 500 sel/ mm3. Perlakuan B disarankan dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan ikan yang paling resisten terhadap stres dan yang dapat meningkatkan respons imunitasnya.Kata kunci: Kromium, glukosa darah, stres, imunitas, ikan gurami.

Formaldehyde is commonly used to minimize ruminal degradation of feed protein to ammonium. Its use however, could cause overprotection. An in vitro trial was designed to compare aquous extracts of Psidium guajava leaves, known to contain tannic acid, with formaldehyde solution in affecting ammoniogenesis, fermentability, anddigestibility. Peanut oil meal containing 34.9% crude protein was subjected to 7treatments: A= untreated, B=5%, C=10%, D=15% (W/V) Psidium leaf extract, E=0.5%, F=1.0%, and G=1.5% (W/V) formaldehyde solution. The treatment were applied prior to the ruminal fermentation at 2 ml/g peanut oil meal.Ammoniogenesis was significantly reduced by the formaldehydeolution to lesser extent also by the leaf extracts (A vs BCD vs EFG=6.21 vs 5.16 vs 3.23 mM ammonia/hr). The 15% leaf extracts, the 1.0% and the 1.5% formaldehyde lowered fermentability of organic matter (Avs D vs FG=18.2 vs 11.6 vs 7.27 mM VFA/hr). Allformaldehyde solution reduce either the dry matter (IVDMD) or the organic matter (IVOMD) digestibility (IVDMD : A=62.1% vs EFG=47.6%). The digestibility wasnt dramatically reduced by the leaf extracttreatments (IVDMD : A=62.1% vs CD=50.1%; IVOMD:A=58.8% vs D=46.2%). The mild effects of psidium leaf extractseventually. lead to more precipitable protein (microbial dietary/origin) (A=10.4% vs BCD =12.1% vs EFG=10.6%, suggesting that the extract has a potential to present more protein to the lower G.I. tract.

Milk quality is affected by feed nutrient either macronutrient or micronutrient.  Roasted soayabeans and calcium soap were to increase supply by pas protein and fat to dairy cattle. Thus, organic mineral was to increase bioavailability of feed mineral to animal.  The objective of this study was to evaluate roasted soybean, mineral soap and organic mineral supplementation on milk quality of dairy cattle.  Twenty lactating Frisian Holstein cows (initial weight 361.4 ± 40.39 kg) were assigned into a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. The treatments were A: basal diet, B: A + roasted soybean, C: B + calcium soap of corn oil, D: C + calcium soap of corn oil, E: C + calcium soap of fish oil. The experimental diets were offered for 9 and 2 weeks preliminary. The results of the experiment showed that milk protein and lactose were not affected by diets.  Milk dry matter  of cows fed A, B, and D diets were higher (P<0.05) than those of fed C and E diets.  Milk fat of cows fed A,  B and D diets were higher (P<0.05) than those of  fed C and E diets. Milk density of cows fed B and E diets were higher (p<0.05) than those of fed A, C and D diets. Milk TPC of cows fed B diet were higher (0.05) than those of fed A, C, D, and E diets. It is concluded that milk quality especially milk protein and lactose concentration are not affected by roasted soyabeans, Ca-soap, and organic mineral. Calcium soap of fish oil and organic mineral decrease population of milk bacteria. Key Words: Calcium Soap, Organic Mineral, Roasted Soyabeans, Dairy Cattle, Quality Milk

Milk quality is affected by feed nutrient either macronutrient or micronutrient.  Roasted soayabeans and calcium soap were to increase supply by pas protein and fat to dairy cattle. Thus, organic mineral was to increase bioavailability of feed mineral to animal.  The objective of this study was to evaluate roasted soybean, mineral soap and organic mineral supplementation on milk quality of dairy cattle.  Twenty lactating Frisian Holstein cows (initial weight 361.4 ± 40.39 kg) were assigned into a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. The treatments were A: basal diet, B: A + roasted soybean, C: B + calcium soap of corn oil, D: C + calcium soap of corn oil, E: C + calcium soap of fish oil. The experimental diets were offered for 9 and 2 weeks preliminary. The results of the experiment showed that milk protein and lactose were not affected by diets.  Milk dry matter  of cows fed A, B, and D diets were higher (P<0.05) than those of fed C and E diets.  Milk fat of cows fed A,  B and D diets were higher (P<0.05) than those of  fed C and E diets. Milk density of cows fed B and E diets were higher (p<0.05) than those of fed A, C and D diets. Milk TPC of cows fed B diet were higher (0.05) than those of fed A, C, D, and E diets. It is concluded that milk quality especially milk protein and lactose concentration are not affected by roasted soyabeans, Ca-soap, and organic mineral. Calcium soap of fish oil and organic mineral decrease population of milk bacteria. Key Words: Calcium Soap, Organic Mineral, Roasted Soyabeans, Dairy Cattle, Quality Milk

Milk quality is affected by feed nutrient either macronutrient or micronutrient.  Roasted soayabeans and calcium soap were to increase supply by pas protein and fat to dairy cattle. Thus, organic mineral was to increase bioavailability of feed mineral to animal.  The objective of this study was to evaluate roasted soybean, mineral soap and organic mineral supplementation on milk quality of dairy cattle.  Twenty lactating Frisian Holstein cows (initial weight 361.4 ± 40.39 kg) were assigned into a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. The treatments were A: basal diet, B: A + roasted soybean, C: B + calcium soap of corn oil, D: C + calcium soap of corn oil, E: C + calcium soap of fish oil. The experimental diets were offered for 9 and 2 weeks preliminary. The results of the experiment showed that milk protein and lactose were not affected by diets.  Milk dry matter  of cows fed A, B, and D diets were higher (P<0.05) than those of fed C and E diets.  Milk fat of cows fed A,  B and D diets were higher (P<0.05) than those of  fed C and E diets. Milk density of cows fed B and E diets were higher (p<0.05) than those of fed A, C and D diets. Milk TPC of cows fed B diet were higher (0.05) than those of fed A, C, D, and E diets. It is concluded that milk quality especially milk protein and lactose concentration are not affected by roasted soyabeans, Ca-soap, and organic mineral. Calcium soap of fish oil and organic mineral decrease population of milk bacteria. Key Words: Calcium Soap, Organic Mineral, Roasted Soyabeans, Dairy Cattle, Quality Milk

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar kromium optimum yang dapat meningkatkan resistensi terhadap stres dan mengkaji peran kromium dalam meningkatkan respons imunitas ikan gurami (Osphronemus gouramy, Lac.). Empat macam ransum isoprotein dan isokalori dengan kandungan kromium Cr+3-ragi sebesar 0.0 ppm (pakan A), 1.5 ppm (pakan B), 3.0 ppm (pakan C) dan 4.5 ppm (pakan D) diberikan pada ikan contoh dengan bobot 25±2.18 g selama 40 hari. Pada akhir pemeliharaan, ikan diberi perlakuan stres suhu dingin ? -9ºC selama 5 menit untuk mengetahui resistensinya terhadap stres. Contoh darah diambil pada jam ke 0, 0.6, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, dan 18 pasca stres. Kadar glukosa darah meningkat dan mencapai nilai puncak 100.00, 58.31, 58.86 and 88.43 mg/dl masing-masing untuk perlakuan A, B, C dan D. Kadar kortisol plasma darah pada perlakuan A, B, C dan D masing- masing adalah 53.22, 20.65, 31.67, 40.57 μg/dl. Ikan sisa sebanyak 20 ekor, diinfeksi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophyla 0.1 ml dengan kepadatan 106 cfu/ml, dipelihara selama 14 hari  untuk mengetahui respons imunitasnya. Perubahan total  leukocyte dan total immunoglobuline pada perlakuan B masing- masing mencapai 272% dan 10.11 μg/dl, sedangkan nilai  hematocrite pada sebelum dan sesudah infeksi adalah 51.87 dan 44.77% dengan jumlah erytrosite mencapai 399 500 dan 239 500 sel/ mm3. Perlakuan B disarankan dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan ikan yang paling resisten terhadap stres dan yang dapat meningkatkan respons imunitasnya.Kata kunci: Kromium, glukosa darah, stres, imunitas, ikan gurami.

Alkalinity of saturated solutions of some ashes were compared with that of 5% NaOH(pH=13.0)and 25% limestone (pH=12.2).The pH of the ash solution made of 17 % palm cluster was 11.5, that of 25% palm fibre was 10.7, that of 10% rice hulls was 7.9, and that of 10% sugarcane by product was 6.4. The solutions were then sprayed on sugarcane tops, sugarcane bagasse, palm fiber, cocoa seed coat, cocoa shell, rice straw, and Napier grass at a dose of 0.05 or 1.0 ml/kg dry matter. Effectiveness of the solutions in improving the in vitro digestibility was close correlated with pH. The 5% NaOH appeared to be the most effective in improving the in vitro digestibility, followed by limestone and then palm fiber. The most prominent changed in digestibility was occured in low quality roghages such as palm fiber, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse. The 0.5 ml/g of the 5% NaOH solution increased the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of palm fiber by 45.24% and of the in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) by 48.49%. The treated roughages were then mixed into isonitrogenous (crude protein 13 - 14 %) and isolaric (gross energy 3.5 - 3.9 Mcal/kg) rations. Rate of disappearance of dry matter and organic matter of the tested rations were faster than that of the commercial concentrate-Napier grass diet. The 5% NaOH solutions was the most effective in increasing the rate of disapearances. It was concluded that the effectiveness of the ash solutions as alkali sources in improving digestibility of low quality roughages was limited by their low alkalinity.